각 Maintenance Level의 정의

! 주의

본 글의 내용은 글을 쓴 사람이 개인적으로 조사한 것을 정리한 것으로, 검색/조사 능력 및 지식의 한계 등으로 인해 내용이 부정확할 수 있습니다. 가능한 참고 자료/Reference 를 제시하고 있으니 공식적으로 활용하고자 하는 경우 해당 Reference를 참고하시기 바랍니다.

 

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Refererences/참고자료

 

• DoDD 4151.18 w/ change 1, "Maintenance of Military Materiel"
• TO 00-25-195, "AF TECHNICAL ORDER SYSTEM SOURCE, MAINTENANCE, AND RECOVERABILITY CODING OF AIR FORCE WEAPONS, SYSTEMS, AND EQUIPMENTS", 1 OCTOBER 2012

 

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미국 군용 항공기 정비 매뉴얼 또는 각종 정책 관련 문서를 보다보면, Maintenance level을 나누어 규정하고 있는 경우가 많다. 어떤 작업은 Organizational Level, 어떤 작업은 Intermediate Level, 또 어떤 작업은 Depot Level에서 수행해야 한다는 식으로 나뉘는 경우가 있는데, 이에 대한 정의를 찾아보고 대강 정리해봤다. 아무래도 미 군용 항공기는 미 국방성 (DoD; Department of Defense)의 관리 영역에 해당하니만큼 DoD Document부터 찾아보기 시작했다. 

 

DoD Directive 4151.18, "Maintenance of Military Materiel" 의 Pagraph 3.2와 그 하위 Paragraph는 Maintenance program management를 해당 품목의 acquisition program 시작과 동시에 하도록 명시하고 있다. ^[각주:1] 이 단계에서 Customer requirement와 Cost-effectiveness 분석을 통해 Depot, Field level 등의 적절한 Maintenance Level을 나누는 것까지 포함하게 되어 있다. 

 

DoDD 4151.18에 명시된 미 연방법 (U.S. Code) Title 10을 들어가보면, Depot level에 대한 사항을 규정하는 Section이 있다. 

 

미 연방법 10 USC §2460. Definition of depot-level maintenance and repair

 

(a) In General.

-In this chapter, the term "depot-level maintenance and repair" means (except as provided in subsection (b)) material maintenance or repair requiring the overhaul, upgrading, or rebuilding of parts, assemblies, or subassemblies, and the testing and reclamation of equipment as necessary, regardless of the source of funds for the maintenance or repair or the location at which the maintenance or repair is performed.

The term includes

(1) all aspects of software maintenance classified by the Department of Defense as of July 1, 1995, as depot-level maintenance and repair, and

(2) interim contractor support or contractor logistics support (or any similar contractor support), to the extent that such support is for the performance of services described in the preceding sentence.

(b) Exceptions.-

(1) The term does not include the procurement of major modifications or upgrades of weapon systems that are designed to improve program performance or the nuclear refueling or defueling of an aircraft carrier and any concurrent complex overhaul. A major upgrade program covered by this exception could continue to be performed by private or public sector activities.

(2) The term also does not include the procurement of parts for safety modifications. However, the term does include the installation of parts for that purpose.

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미 연방 규정 (Codes of Regulations)의 Title 22 Section 120에도 Maintenance level을 규정하고 있는데, 이건 조금 의아하다. ITAR 관련 규정인데, 이게 US DoD 소속 항공기에도 적용이 되는 사항인지? ITAR 규정의 성격으로 봐서는 그렇지 않은 것으로 생각이 되지만, 일단 Definition에 기재되어 있는 사항은 옮겨본다.

 

22 CFR 120.45 Maintenance Levels
(a) Organizational-level maintenance  (or basic-level maintenance) is the first level of maintenance that can be performed on-equipment (directly on the defense article or support equipment) without specialized training. It consists of repairing,  inspecting, servicing, calibrating, lubricating, or adjusting equipment, as well as replacing minor parts, components, assemblies, and line-eplaceable spares or units. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (e.g., an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article.

(b) Intermediate-level maintenance is second-level maintenance performed off-equipment (on removed parts, components, or equipment) at or by designated maintenance shops or centers, tenders, or field teams. It may consist of calibrating, repairing, testing, or replacing damaged or unserviceable parts, components, or assemblies. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (e.g., an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article.

(c) Depot-level maintenance is third-level maintenance performed on- or off- equipment at or by a major repair facility, shipyard, or field team, each with necessary equipment and personnel of requisite technical skill. It consists of providing evaluation or repair beyond unit or organization capability. This maintenance consists of inspecting, testing, calibrating, repairing, overhauling, refurbishing, reconditioning, and one-to-one replacing of any defective parts, components, or assemblies. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (e.g., an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article.

 

 

 

미 공군은 Air Force Policy Directive 21-1에 다음과 같이 규정하고 있다.

 

AFPD 21-1, MAINTENANCE OF MILITARY MATERIEL

1.1.1. Organizational-level Maintenance. Provides the capability to launch and recover sorties, as well as to maintain and repair materiel coded for organizational level repair.

1.1.2. Intermediate-level Maintenance. Provides the capability to maintain materiel coded for organizational and intermediate level repair in back shops and or centralized repair facilities.

1.1.3. Depot-level Maintenance. Provides the capability to maintain materiel coded for organizational, intermediate and depot levels of maintenance. Includes maintenance requiring the overhaul, upgrading, or rebuilding of parts, assemblies, or subassemblies, and the testing and reclamation of equipment as necessary.

 

미 공군의 경우 Part catalog의 각 품목마다 SMR Code라는 것을 부여한다. Source, Maintenance and Recoverability Code 라고 하며, 아마 공군에서만 쓰는 것은 아닐 것이다. (아마 3군 공통일 듯 하고, NATO나 우리나라에서도 비슷하거나 동일 체계를 사용할 것 같다. ILS 쪽에서는 자세히 접할 경우가 있을 듯) SMR Code에 대한 세부 사항은 TO 00-25-195를 참고할 것. 

 

 

 

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Joint Publication 4-0, Joint Logistics

4. Maintenance Maintenance supports system readiness for the JFC. The Services, as part of their Title 10, United States Code (USC), responsibilities, execute maintenance as a core logistics function. The Services employ a maintenance structure of depot- and field-level maintenance to improve the JFC’s freedom of action and sustain the readiness and capabilities of assigned units. These levels of maintenance use various functional capabilities and processes to achieve objectives. Maintenance planning provides optimal availability of ready, reliable systems at best value. 

a. Depot Maintenance. Depot-level maintenance performs materiel maintenance requiring major overhaul or a complete rebuilding of parts, assemblies, subassemblies, and end items. Depot maintenance includes the manufacture of parts, modifications, testing, and reclamation as required; provides a source of serviceable equipment; and supports field maintenance by providing technical assistance or performing maintenance tasks beyond their responsibility. Depot maintenance is the most complex and extensive level of maintenance work and is a significant tie between the nation’s industrial base and military operations. Depot maintenance includes all aspects of software maintenance/sustainment, which are those activities after initial operating capability of fielding, necessary to: 

(1) Correct defects and/or improve performance.

(2) Upgrade or modify to adapt and/or perfect the fielded software baseline to a changing/changed environment. Maintenance/sustainment can include the modifications or upgrades necessary to ensure safety and relevance in operations and interoperability with other systems.

b. Field Maintenance. The purpose of field-level maintenance is to return systems rapidly to users in a ready status. Field maintenance encompasses the organizational and on-system maintenance and repairs necessary for day-to-day operations, as well as the intermediate, off-system repair of components and end items for weapons systems and supply chains. Field maintenance is less complex than depot-level maintenance and serves as the link between strategic capabilities and tactical requirements.

 

 

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Maintenance—All action taken to retain materiel in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding and reclamation.

Organizational Maintenance—Repair coded “organizational” that is below essential intermediate or depot capability requirements that may be performed on or off equipment, but generally on-equipment, by organizational, intermediate or depot maintenance activities.

Intermediate Maintenance—Repair coded “intermediate” that is beyond essential organizational but below depot capability requirements that may be performed on or off equipment, but generally off-equipment, by organizational, intermediate or depot maintenance activities.

Depot Maintenance—Maintenance performed on materiel requiring major overhaul or a complete rebuild of parts, assemblies, subassemblies, and end-items; including the manufacture of parts, modifications, testing, and reclamation. Depot maintenance also serves lower categories of maintenance by providing technical assistance and performing maintenance beyond their capacity. Depot maintenance provides stocks of serviceable equipment by using more extensive facilities for repair than are available in lower level maintenance activities.

 

 

COMNAVAIRFORINST 4790.2D, THE NAVAL AVIATION MAINTENANCE PROGRAM (NAMP)

3.1.1 Maintenance Levels. The NAMP classifies maintenance in three levels based on technical complexity, depth, scope, and range of work performed. The three levels are Organizational (O-level), Intermediate (I-level), and Depot (D-level).

3.1.1.1 O-Level Maintenance. O-level maintenance is basic maintenance performed by an activity on its assigned aircraft and equipment. O-level maintenance is organized to achieve quick turnaround of aircraft and equipment in order to optimize operational availability. O-level maintenance is the upkeep of aircraft and related equipment by the operating unit. O-level maintenance includes inspection, servicing, lubrication, adjustment, incorporation of O-level technical directives, and replacement of parts, minor assemblies and subassemblies.

3.1.1.2 I-Level Maintenance. I-level maintenance is performed by designated Intermediate Maintenance Activities (IMA) responsible for supporting units operating aircraft and aeronautical equipment. The primary focus of I-level maintenance is to produce ready-for-issue (RFI) parts and ready-for-use (RFU) support equipment in sufficient quantities to support aircraft operations. I-level maintenance primarily consists of:
a. Inspection, testing and repair of aeronautical components and support equipment (SE)
b. I-level calibration
c. Technical assistance to supported units
d. Incorporation of I-level Technical Directives (TD)
e. Manufacture of selected aeronautical components, liquids, and gases
f. Performance of I-level maintenance on aircraft, such as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) of airframe and dynamic components (when required)

3.1.1.3 D-Level Maintenance and Rework. D-level maintenance and rework is performed by designated depot activities on aircraft, equipment and material requiring overhaul, upgrading, or rebuilding of parts, assemblies, subassemblies, and end items, including manufacture, modification, testing, and reclamation of parts. Rework requires extensive diagnostic equipment and industrial-level manufacturing capabilities beyond the capability and resources of O-level and I-level maintenance activities. Rework typically occurs in depot facilities managed by Commander, Naval Air Systems Command (COMNAVAIRSYSCOM) or at original equipment manufacturer (OEM) sites. Selected depot rework and maintenance functions are performed at aircraft operational sites in order to minimize cost and turnaround time. D-level maintenance and rework includes:

a. Aircraft standard and special rework
b. Rework and repair of engines, components, and SE
c. Calibration by Navy calibration laboratories and Navy Primary Standards Labs (NPSL)
d. Incorporation of D-level technical directives (TD)
e. Modification of aircraft, engines, and support equipment (SE)
f. Manufacture and modification of parts and kits
g. Depot Field Team assistance
h. Technical and engineering assistance
i. Age exploration (AE) of aircraft and equipment under Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)

 

 

미 육군의 경우 O/I/D - Level이 아닌 Field/Sustainment Level을 사용하는 것으로 보인다. AR750-1 참고.

Army Regulation 750–1, Army Materiel Maintenance Policy

3–9. Army Maintenance System components
a. The Army Maintenance System consists of two levels: field and sustainment. Field maintenance, also known as onsystem maintenance, repairs and returns equipment to the operator or the user. Sustainment maintenance, also known as 28 AR 750–1 • 28 October 2019 off-system maintenance, primarily repairs and returns equipment and components to the supply system.

 

1. Initial maintenance program management shall begin at acquisition program initiation. [본문으로]